Historic Overview East Orchard Castle (Castell Gerddi Dwyrain) is a ruined historic manor located near the village of St. Athan in the Vale of Glamorgan, South Wales. The site has a long history, beginning with its establishment by the Berkerolle family, Norman settlers who received the land from Robert Fitzhammon following the conquest of Glamorgan in 1091. The first of the Berkerolle's was a knight to Fitzhammon. While the exact date of the initial construction is uncertain, historical sources suggest that the Berkerolle family established a manor house and associated estate buildings at the site during the late 14th century. Although commonly referred to as a castle, the site is better understood as a domestic manor house or gentry residence rather than a conventional military stronghold. However, it is possible that limited fortifications were added during periods of unrest, particularly to protect the manor’s economically valuable orchards, which were reportedly flourishing from the time of Richard III and became a notable feature of the estate. The manor was reportedly destroyed during the revolt of 1316, led by the Welsh noble Llywelyn Bren, although it is unclear to what extent it was rebuilt thereafter. Local tradition suggests that a member of the Berkerolle family, conscious of the land's conquest origins, sought to make amends by redistributing portions of the estate to the descendants of dispossessed Welsh families and offering financial support from estate revenues. The estate eventually passed into the hands of the influential Stradling family of St Donat’s Castle, who held the property from 1411 until 1756. They are believed to have undertaken renovations in the early 16th century, reflecting both stylistic updates and the continued domestic use of the manor. John Leland, the Tudor-era antiquary, referred to the property as "Norchete Manor" in his writings. Subsequent ownership passed to William Herbert of Swansea, likely in a trustee capacity, before it was acquired by the Jones family of Fonmon Castle. Under their stewardship, the estate was gradually abandoned, with the main house being dismantled around 1756. During the 19th century, the hall at East Orchard Castle was partially re-roofed and adapted for use as a barn, as confirmed by its depiction on the 1839 Tithe Map, which shows the site as still in use. However, by the late 19th - early 20th century, the buildings had fallen into disrepair due to neglect and a lack of maintenance, eventually becoming fully derelict, a state in which they remain today. Beyond its medieval and post-medieval occupation, the site also holds evidence of much earlier activity. Aerial photography to the south of the main complex reveals three double-ditched enclosures, visible as cropmarks in the landscape. These are thought to date to the Iron Age, indicating that the area was a centre of human activity long before the arrival of the Normans, and highlighting its continued significance across different historical periods. Architectural Overview The remains of East Orchard Castle occupy an east-facing slope overlooking the valley of the River Thaw, providing fertile ground, access to water and views across the surrounding landscape. Despite its name, East Orchard was not a military stronghold but a gentry manor house complex, with domestic and agricultural buildings arranged around two courts. The surviving structures, built primarily from roughly coursed local grey limestone, include the principal manor house, a large barn, freestanding stone chapel, dovecote and several outbuildings, possibly including stables and granaries. The separate chapel and range of agricultural buildings reflect the self-contained nature of the estate, while the absence of substantial defensive features, such as curtain walls or a keep, indicates its primarily residential and agricultural function. Notably, there was no eastern boundary wall, leaving the complex relatively open to the surrounding uplands. Constructed probably in the late 14th or early 15th century, the manor house formed the centre of the estate, providing accommodation for the lord's household and retainers as well as a base for the administration of the manor. The dovecote, with approximately 200 nesting recesses, provided food and fertiliser while also serving as a symbol of status. An elaborate octagonal bellcote, probably dating to around 1350, originally stood on the west gable of the manor house. The complex developed further during the 16th century with the addition of a small stone bridge over a tributary of the River Thaw and a trackway providing access to the estate. In the 19th century, the dovecote was probably converted into a granary, while the bellcote was removed and relocated to Fonmon Castle, where it remains today. The surviving ruins at East Orchard provide valuable evidence of the domestic architecture and rural life of the Welsh gentry from the late medieval period into the early modern era. Modern Legacy In the 1960s, the collapse of a partition wall at East Orchard Castle exposed a preserved gypsum floor, as well as underlying stratified debris. An archaeological excavation of the debris revealed a variety of artefacts, including a substantial fragment of a crested ridge tile, fragments of green window glass, an elaborately ornamented bronze buckle, iron scissors, and several medieval potsherds. In recognition of its historical and archaeological value, East Orchard Castle was designated as a Scheduled Monument (officially recorded as East Orchard Manor House, GM082) in 1935, ensuring protection from alteration or destruction. Furthermore, two of the buildings on the site were granted Grade II Listed Building status (Cadw references 83118 and 83125) in 1963. This reflects both the architectural and historical significance of the structures, and ensures that any future conservation or research efforts are undertaken in compliance with established heritage preservation guidelines. Location Barry, CF62 4LD NGR ST0287068050 Selected Bibliography Department of Culture, Media, and Sport. (2000). The Protection of Scheduled Monuments in Wales. London: The Stationery Office. Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust. (2010). East Orchard Castle: A Historical and Archaeological Overview. Cardiff: GGAT. Heneb. (2024). East Orchard Castle. PRN 00497s. Archwilio. Historic Wales. (2002). Monument Description for East Orchard Castle. National Monument Record (NMR), Cadw. Jones, G. (1999). Prehistoric and Medieval Landscapes of the Vale of Glamorgan. Cardiff: GGAT Publications. Leland, J. (2012). The Itinerary of John Leland in or about the Years 1535-1543. London: The British Library. RCAHMW. (2024). East Orchard Castle. NPRN 18619. Coflein. Smith, J. and Davies, A. (1983). Medieval and Post-Medieval Buildings of Glamorgan. Glamorgan Archaeological Society. Tithe Map of East Orchard, Vale of Glamorgan (1839). Glamorgan Archives, Cardiff. West, S. (1963). Excavations at East Orchard Castle: The 1960s Finds and their Context. Archaeologia Cambrensis, 112(2), 167-182. Williams, M. (1971). Excavations at East Orchard: A Summary of Finds from the 1960s Excavations. Transactions of the Royal Archaeological Society of Glamorgan, 16, 233-249. Cite this work Harvard or APA Style Dallimore, J. (2026 July 26). East Orchard Castle. The Archaeology Addict. Retrieved from https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/east-orchard-castle MLA Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "East Orchard Castle" The Archaeology Addict. The Archaeology Addict. 26 Jul 2026. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/east-orchard-castle Chicago Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "East Orchard Castle" The Archaeology Addict. Last modified July 26, 2026. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/east-orchard-castle

Historic Overview Cardiff Castle (Castell Caerdydd) is located in the heart of the modern Welsh capital, Cardiff, on a site of continuous human occupation stretching back nearly 2,000 years. Archaeological evidence suggests intermittent prehistoric activity on the site, indicating its long-standing strategic importance. The castle’s origins can be traced to a Roman fort established around AD 55, strategically sited near the River Taff to secure Roman control of southern Wales. It was initially constructed of earth and timber, and later rebuilt in stone during the late 3rd century, some of which still survives today in the form of preserved Roman walls integrated into the medieval structure. In the early 5th century, following the collapse of Roman rule in Britain, the fort was abandoned and remained largely unoccupied until the Norman conquest. Around 1081, Robert FitzHamon, a Norman lord of William the Conqueror, established a motte-and-bailey castle on the site following his visit to Wales. This early medieval stronghold formed part of the Marcher Lordship system, where powerful lords exercised near-independent control along the Welsh border. During the 12th - 13th centuries, the Normans replaced many of the timber structures with stone fortifications. Curtain walls and towers were added to strengthen the castle’s military defences. Cardiff became a key base for Norman control in South Wales and the administrative centre for the Lordship of Glamorgan. The castle and surrounding town were frequently threatened during Welsh uprisings, including those led by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and others seeking to reclaim native rule, representing one of the final efforts to unify Wales before the conquest of Edward I of England. In 1314, the powerful de Clare family who held the castle suffered a mighty blow when Gilbert de Clare was killed at the Battle of Bannockburn. The castle was passed onto several nobles, including the Despencers, Nevilles, and Beauchamps, many of whom contributed to its expansion. During this time, Cardiff Castle also developed as a lordly residence, not just a military fortress, with many domestic buildings and halls added within the inner bailey. During the Wars of the Roses in the 15th century, the castle’s role was primarily administrative. In 1488, it was granted to Jasper Tudor, uncle of Henry VII, and became part of the growing influence of the Tudor dynasty in Wales. The region saw relative peace under the Tudors, and like many castles, Cardiff’s military role diminished. By the 16th - 17th centuries, Cardiff Castle had become more of a residence and symbol of status than a defensive stronghold. Although the structure was still maintained, parts of it fell into disrepair. During the English Civil War (1642–1651), Cardiff was held at different times by both Royalist and Parliamentarian forces, but the castle was never significantly damaged in the fighting. By the mid-18th century, the castle and surrounding estates came into the hands of the Crichton-Stuart family, later the Marquesses of Bute, through marriage. In the mid-19th century, at the height of the Gothic Revival, the 3rd Marquess commissioned the renowned architect William Burges to transform the castle into a lavish residence. This transformation was funded by the immense wealth of the Bute family, derived largely from Cardiff’s coal-exporting docks during the Industrial Revolution. A series of elaborate Gothic interiors, including the Arab Room, the Library, the Banqueting Hall, and the Clock Tower apartments were added. These rooms are richly decorated with painted ceilings, gilded carvings, stained glass, and elaborate symbolic motifs drawn from mythology, religion, and astrology. Burges also restored much of the castle’s exterior, preserving the Norman keep and medieval walls while enhancing their sense of grandeur. He also designed the Animal Wall, later completed by William Frame, a decorative and symbolic addition that remains a distinctive feature of the castle. The castle remained a private residence of the Bute family into the early 20th century. During World War II, the castle played a practical role once again. Sections of the outer walls were fitted with tunnels to serve as air-raid shelters for Cardiff citizens during German bombing raids. The shelters could accommodate 1,800 people, with bunks, kitchens, toilets, and first-aid posts. These shelters, carved into the medieval walls and disguised with camouflage, featured bunk seating, electric lighting, and communication lines. In December 1944, use as shelters ceased and the entrances were sealed. These tunnels were later reopened and adapted for public interpretation as part of the castle experience. By1947, the 5th Marquess of Bute, burdened by inheritance taxes and declining aristocratic wealth, gifted Cardiff Castle to the City of Cardiff. Since then, the castle has functioned as a public heritage site, tourist attraction, and civic venue. Architectural Overview Cardiff Castle occupies a strategically significant site on the northern bank of the River Taff, a location chosen initially by the Romans for its proximity to key transport routes and natural defences. The earliest architectural phase of the site began as a Roman auxiliary fort. In the late 3rd century, its timber structure was replaced with a more durable stone fort featuring thick walls and square corner towers. Sections of this Roman masonry was constructed using coursed local stone which still survives today. It is most visible on the north and west walls, having been incorporated into the medieval and later defensive structures. By the early 5th century, Roman occupation likely ceased and the site lay dormant for several centuries. In the late 11th century, following the Norman conquest of Glamorgan, Robert FitzHamon constructed a classic motte-and-bailey castle on the site, making use of the elevated Roman platform. The motte was crowned by a timber keep, which remains a central feature of the castle today, and was likely reached by a timber bridge. The bailey to the south housed timber domestic and service buildings. Over time, the timber elements were gradually replaced with stone, reflecting the need for greater durability and defence. The new castle had a single entrance, reusing the site of the Roman south gate. Besides the repair and embanking of the Roman walls, the Norman work consisted of the digging of a ditch around the Roman perimeter. By the late 13th century, the castle had acquired many key features of a substantial medieval fortress. The timber keep was replaced with a circular stone shell keep, with arrow loops and a crenelated parapet, providing panoramic views in case of attack. The motte was surrounded by a moat that was part of a wider water defence system fed by the River Taff. The inner and outer baileys were protected by stone curtain walls, which reused large sections of the Roman fort walls. These walls were reinforced with D-shaped and square towers, offering both living quarters and firing platforms. Notable surviving features include the Black Tower, a prominent defensive structure integrated into the Roman wall. The main entrance was secured by a gatehouse, likely dating to the 13th - 14th century, and features a portcullis, a drawbridge, and machicolations. Remnants of a barbican structure suggest an additional outer defence. Within the inner bailey, residential buildings accommodated the needs of the castle’s noble occupants. This included a great hall, kitchens, a chapel, and private chambers. Throughout the 14th - 15th centuries, modifications continued. Towers along the curtain wall were fitted with fireplaces and larger Gothic windows, indicating a growing emphasis on comfort and status. Stone vaulting and mural staircases were introduced in certain towers, and at least one latrine chute survives from this period. These changes reflect the dual function of Cardiff Castle as both a military stronghold and an aristocratic residence. The outer ward, extending south of the main keep, served administrative and economic purposes, including stables, granaries, and workshops, supporting the daily operation of the estate. This area may have also included a garden or orchard, enclosed by defensive walls. The outer walls were likely crenelated and provided a patrol walkway accessed by internal staircases. The southern defences were especially robust, reflecting their exposure to potential land-based attacks. After the Wars of the Roses and the decline of marcher lordship, the castle’s military importance diminished. During the Tudor and Stuart periods, the buildings fell into gradual disrepair. However, the site continued to be used, and parts of the structure were adapted for residential or administrative use, particularly under the ownership of the Herbert and Windsor families. In the 17th century, limited repairs were made. By the 18th century, much of the medieval structure was in ruin. A profound transformation occurred in the 19th century, when the castle was inherited by John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute, one of the wealthiest men in Britain. In 1866, inspired by medievalism and the Gothic Revival, Bute commissioned architect William Burges to redesign Cardiff Castle as a neo-Gothic palace. Over the next two decades, Burges reimagined the castle’s interiors and some exteriors, fusing medieval forms with Victorian craftsmanship. Burges restored the shell keep and built new towers, including the Clock Tower, which housed the Marquess’s private apartments. These rooms were among the most elaborately decorated interiors of the Victorian era. The Arab Room, with its gold-domed ceiling and intricate mosaic work, the Banqueting Hall, featuring mural cycles of mythology and the seasons, and the Library, with painted ceilings and carved woodwork, remain masterpieces of Gothic Revival design. The additions were structurally robust, often featuring vaulted ceilings, stone traceried windows, and custom-designed furniture. Externally, the medieval curtain wall was preserved but turrets, chimneys, and battlements were added in a stylised Gothic form. A gatehouse and new drawbridge were constructed to emphasise the castle’s grandeur. While the outer ward was landscaped into a pleasure garden, and a lodge was added for the estate manager. RCAHMW. (1996). Site plan of Cardiff Castle. Modern Legacy Cardiff Castle is one of Wales’s best-known historic sites. Its history spans from prehistoric activity and the Roman fort to the Norman period, when it became a stronghold, and later to the Victorian Gothic Revival period. The castle reflects the development of Cardiff from a small settlement into the capital city of Wales. It combines historic fortifications with the Victorian buildings added later. During the Second World War, the castle’s tunnels were used as air-raid shelters. Some of the tunnels have been preserved and are now open to visitors, showing how the castle was used during the war. In 1947, John Crichton-Stuart, 5th Marquess of Bute, gave the castle and its parkland to the City of Cardiff. This marked the change from a private estate to a public site. The castle is now managed by the local authority and is an important part of Cardiff’s heritage, tourism and cultural life. Investigations in the 1980s and early 2000s confirmed the extent of the Roman fort beneath the existing structures, uncovering Roman barracks, drainage systems, and ceramic remains. In 1999, a watching brief recovered Roman Black Burnished and redware forms, and a single piece of Samian. Excavations also revealed layers of post-Roman and medieval occupation, including 12th - 14th century pottery, iron tools, animal bones, and remnants of hearths, indicating sustained domestic and service activity within the castle walls. Conservation work has focused on stabilising both the medieval masonry and the Victorian interiors, particularly the delicate painted ceilings and decorative stonework. Another fascinating discovery was made during a later excavation in 2005 - 06, whereby a series of Prehistoric earth-cut features and pottery were encountered, evidence of long occupation at the site. Today, Cardiff Castle is a Scheduled Monument (MM050) and has held Grade I listed status (Cadw Ref. 13662) since 1952, in recognition of its exceptional architectural and historic interest. Several other structures within the castle complex, including the Clock Tower, the Animal Wall, and the Castle Apartments are also individually listed, reflecting their national importance. The site remains open to the public year-round and offers a full programme of interpretation and guided tours. While much of the interior was preserved during the 19th century refurbishment, sections of the grounds, including the Norman keep and the wartime tunnels, have been sensitively adapted for visitor access. The castle continues to host weddings, official ceremonies, and events linked to Cardiff’s role as the capital of Wales. It serves both as an educational resource and a venue for cultural celebrations, concerts, major sporting events, historical re-enactments, theatre productions, and royal visits. Cardiff Castle today stands not only as a relic of the past but as a living landmark, a physical embodiment of Wales’s historical complexity and a symbol of Cardiff’s resilience, identity, and civic pride. Location Castle Street, Cardiff, CF10 3RB NGR ST1803076530 Selected Bibliography Ward, J. (1901). ‘XIX.—Cardiff Castle: its Roman origin.’ Archaeologia, 57(2), pp. 335-352. Cambridge University Press & Assessment. Williams, M. (2008). The Essential Cardiff Castle. London: Scala Arts & Heritage Publishers. Scala Arts & Heritage Publishers Ltd Williams, M. (2019). Cardiff Castle and the Marquesses of Bute. London: Scala Arts & Heritage Publishers. Williams, M. (2007). William Burges, 1827-81. Andover, Hants: Jarrold (Pitkin Guide). Batsford Books Newman, J. (1995). Glamorgan: The Buildings of Wales. London: Penguin Books. ‘Cardiff Castle & Bute Park (CPG211)’. 2019. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW). Cardiff. cardiffnewsroom.co.uk ‘Architectural secrets of Cardiff Castle amongst collections being protected in Wales.’ 2022. Welsh Government. [online] Available at: https://media.service.gov.wales/news/architectural-secrets-of-cardiff-castle-amongst-collections-being-protected-in-wales [Accessed 5 Nov 2025]. gov.wales ‘The Normans • History • Cardiff Castle.’ n.d. Cardiff Castle website. [online] Available at: https://www.cardiffcastle.com/history/normans/ [Accessed 5 Nov 2025]. Cardiff Castle ‘Cardiff Castle – Normans kee­p – Mote and Bailey.’ n.d. Medieval Heritage. [online] Available at: https://medievalheritage.eu/en/main-page/heritage/wales/cardiff-castle/ [Accessed 5 Nov 2025]. Ancient and medieval architecture Grant, J.P.D. (1923). Cardiff Castle: Its History and Architecture. Cardiff: William Lewis (Printers) Limited. Cite this work Harvard or APA Style Dallimore, J. (2026 August 9). Cardiff Castle. The Archaeology Addict. Retrieved from https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/cardiff-castle MLA Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "Cardiff Castle" The Archaeology Addict. The Archaeology Addict. 9 Aug 2026. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/cardiff-castle Chicago Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "Cardiff Castle" The Archaeology Addict. Last modified August 9, 2026. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/cardiff-castle

Dallimore, J. 2023. Neath Castle. Historic Overview Neath Castle (Castell Nedd) is a Norman fortress located in the centre of Neath, Wales, occupying a strategic position on the eastern bank of the River Nedd. The site lies close to the former Roman fort of Nidum, established around 75 AD, which formed part of a wider Roman road network linking key sites across South Wales, including Caerleon Roman Fortress. The location was already strategically important as a river crossing and routeway, helping to explain why it was later selected for Norman settlement and fortification. The original castle, an earth-and-timber motte-and-bailey structure, was constructed in the 1120s by Richard de Glanville, a knight and military commander. It stood across the river near the former Roman site. Around 1130, following the founding of Neath Abbey by de Glanville, the initial castle was abandoned and likely dismantled for building materials. Later in the 12th century, a second castle was established on the opposite bank, probably under the direction of Robert, Earl of Gloucester. This new site formed a frontier stronghold marking the western edge of Norman-controlled Glamorgan. It was first recorded in 1183, with its timber tower mentioned shortly afterwards. Tension soon escalated in the region and in 1183, a Welsh uprising erupted in Glamorgan under Morgan ap Caradog, Lord of Afan. The conflict centred on Neath, Kenfig, and Newcastle, with Neath Castle enduring a prolonged siege in which siege engines were reportedly used. The blockade was lifted in 1184 by Ranulph de Glanville. Following this, efforts were made to reinforce control. William de Cogan was appointed constable and supplied the castle with provisions and weapons, while a garrison was maintained under William le Sor and Walter de Lageles. Despite this, long-term development was limited, and only essential repairs were carried out. In 1210, King John visited Neath on his return from Ireland. Administrative records from this period note repairs carried out between 1207 and 1208, suggesting the castle remained an important but functional military site. Instability returned in the early 13th century. In 1229, Morgan Gam, Lord of Afan, recently released after capture, renewed his alliance with Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Prince of Gwynedd. This led to renewed conflict, and in 1231 he attacked and destroyed Neath Castle. Although the castle was later restored, tensions in the region continued. By 1246, the bailiff was instructed to enforce compensation payments to Margam Abbey for damage caused during earlier conflicts. Another major raid followed in 1258, when Llywelyn ap Gruffudd’s forces destroyed 150 houses in the town, although the castle itself held firm. It was subsequently rebuilt and developed in stone, probably during the later 13th century, strengthening its defensive position. Further Welsh uprisings in 1287 and 1294–1295 tested the fortress again, but it remained secure. Soon after, the castle passed into the hands of Sir Hugh le Despenser the Younger through his marriage to Eleanor de Clare. Despenser, a highly controversial royal favourite, became a close confidant of Edward II and a dominant political figure in the region. By 1326, Edward II of England and Hugh Despenser the Younger were forced to seek refuge in Neath during the final collapse of their power, shortly before their capture at Llantrisant. The royal treasury was likely left behind and looted. This crisis was preceded by further unrest. Following the death of Earl Gilbert III in 1314 during the Scottish wars, rebellion broke out under Llywelyn Bren. Although Neath Castle was not taken, it suffered damage to roofs and towers, and required repairs. The garrison during this period fluctuated between 20 and 140 archers, supported by mounted soldiers. Further instability followed in 1321, when Neath Castle was captured and damaged by Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford, during a revolt against Edward II and the Despensers. The Sheriff of Glamorgan, Sir John Iweyn, was taken prisoner and executed in Swansea. The following year, the Despensers regained control of Glamorgan, and it is likely that Neath Castle was rebuilt at this time, including a new gate complex. In 1377, the castle was repaired while under royal custody during the minority of Thomas Despenser. It therefore remained operational during the final major Welsh uprising led by Owain Glyndqwr in the early 15th century, when it was garrisoned by around one hundred archers and eight lancers. Over time, however, its military importance declined. The castle gradually fell out of use and became a convenient source of stone for the growing town, contributing to the gradual loss of parts of the structure. As Neath expanded, parts of the structure were incorporated into surrounding development. In 1483, the constable Richard Willoughby was murdered while walking from the castle to the church, killed by Thomas Gwyn over a personal dispute. By the 16th century, the castle had fallen into ruin due to its reduced strategic importance. By the mid-17th century it was no longer maintained as a defensive site. In the 18th century, the ruins were repurposed for recreation, including the construction of a cock-pit in the courtyard with stone seating for spectators. The title of Constable of Neath Castle was held by Sir Humphrey Mackworth from 1703 and later absorbed into the office of Mayor of Neath. During the 19th century, the site became increasingly enclosed by industrial cottages, reflecting rapid industrial expansion in Neath. Only the northern side remained relatively open, protected by a Quaker burial ground. Architectural Overview The castle was positioned on the high eastern bank of the River Neath, following a gentle bend where the river once reached the base of the slope. This location provided a significant natural defensive advantage, with the steep river-facing slope complementing the castle's artificial defences. Its earliest form was a simple wooden and earthwork enclosure, laid out in a roughly oval plan and smaller than many contemporary castles. An outer bailey likely lay to the west or south, facing the developing settlement, and was protected by a V-shaped ditch. As the site developed, the timber defences were replaced before the mid-13th century with a stone curtain wall that largely preserved the earlier footprint. This new circuit formed a distinctive horseshoe shape, with a straight north-eastern section and a rounded south-western end. Strengthening this line of defence were two horseshoe-shaped towers positioned at the north-west and eastern corners. These towers also incorporated key functional features. The eastern tower contained a large latrine turret projecting outward towards the north-east, while the north-west tower protected a postern gate reached by a long stairway descending towards the river. From this blocked stair, a side passage once connected the ditch and outer bailey. The main entrance, however, remained on the southern side of the enclosure, facing the town and outer ward. In the early 14th century, the north-west corner was significantly remodelled with the construction of a formal gate complex. Built over the earlier tower and postern, it consisted of two flanking towers forming a fortified entrance. The northern tower incorporated the remains of the earlier structure, while the southern tower was built anew on its foundations. The gateway itself was heavily defended, combining a portcullis, doors, machicolations, arrow loops, and a drawbridge spanning a defensive pit. Both towers rose through three storeys, with the northern tower retaining a latrine overlooking the ditch. The first floor likely housed the portcullis mechanism, while the upper level, lit by narrow lancet windows, may have served a residential or administrative function. The southern tower was structurally linked to the town-facing curtain wall, although the gate passage did not connect directly to the wall walk. Within the courtyard, residential and service buildings were constructed against the inner face of the curtain wall, leaving only limited open space by the 14th century. These structures formed a tightly arranged complex of domestic and economic rooms. At ground level, five main rooms are recorded, three of which were heated by fireplaces and likely used for storage, service, or household management. The south-eastern room functioned as a kitchen, fitted with a fireplace, oven, pantry, and associated service passage. From an adjoining chamber, a short staircase led down into the deep basement of the eastern tower, positioned below courtyard level. Above these service areas, upper floors provided more formal accommodation and representative space. The eastern tower’s upper storey contained three radially arranged arrow slits set within thick walls, while similar residential use is suggested for parts of the gatehouse. Additional service buildings probably occupied the outer bailey to the south, supporting the wider operation of the castle. The northern curtain wall is now partially defined by a later revetment wall, built into the natural scarp in the 18th century and resting on earlier medieval foundations. This later boundary encloses the burial ground of the Friends Meeting House, established in 1799, reflecting the continued reuse of the site into the post-medieval period. Evidence of earlier buildings along the north curtain indicates long-term occupation and adaptation of this area. Behind the revetment wall, fragments of the original curtain wall and the northeast tower remain visible, preserving important traces of the medieval structure beneath later infill. These layers of medieval, post-medieval, and modern deposits demonstrate how the castle was repeatedly altered and adapted as its function and surrounding environment changed over time. These layers of medieval, post-medieval, and modern deposits demonstrate the continuous reshaping of the site over time. The first detailed depiction of the castle’s layout appears on the 1876 town plan, showing it embedded within the expanding industrial town of Neath. RCAHMW. Neath Castle Site Plan. Modern Legacy Today, Neath Castle represents a well-preserved example of an urban castle ruin, reflecting its integration into the expanding town over time. In 2023, an archaeological watching brief identified masonry that once formed part of the Northeast Drum Tower of Neath Castle. Also abutting the north-eastern edge of this masonry was a Medieval deposit, comprising mostly midden material. Contained within it were a significant number of ceramic sherds and shards of glass, mostly of Post-medieval and modern date. The ceramics included sherds of Bristol glazed stoneware, a popular form of pottery produced in the 16th - 17th centuries, as well as North Devon gravel-tempered ware, commonly associated with the region’s pottery production in the 13th - 14th centuries. Additionally, fragments of white earthenware were found, indicating later use during the 18th and 19th centuries. These findings shed light on the site’s post-medieval occupation, indicating that Neath Castle remained an important focal point for local activity long after its military significance waned. They also offer a glimpse into the material culture of the period, highlighting the types of everyday items used by the castle’s later inhabitants and visitors. The continued discovery of such material through modern archaeological investigation demonstrates the castle’s ongoing importance as a source of historical and archaeological evidence. The castle's modern legacy also reflects the changing role of the site from military stronghold to historic monument, recreational space and heritage asset within the modern town. Archaeological investigations and conservation work, including recent recording of vulnerable masonry using digital photogrammetry, have helped preserve and document remains that are increasingly difficult to access. This highlights the continuing tension between conserving the fragile ruins and maintaining public access. The castle forms part of Neath's wider historic townscape and contributes to the area's heritage and tourism identity, while ongoing archaeological work ensures that previously unknown aspects of its history continue to be uncovered. The best-preserved element of Neath Castle is the outer section of the 14th-century gatehouse, which stands almost at its original height, though the crenelated parapet has unfortunately been lost over time. In addition to this, substantial fragments of the defensive walls, remnants of the eastern tower, and the foundations of various internal buildings have been preserved, providing a glimpse into the castle's once formidable structure. A particularly significant discovery was the excavation of the stairs leading to the original postern gate from the 13th century, which later formed the basis for the 14th-century gate complex. These remains, along with the stairs, are among the few surviving elements of the castle's early design. The site is now protected as a Scheduled Monument (GM039) and a Grade II* Listed Building (Cadw ref. 11775), status it has held since 1989, due to its historical and architectural significance. The remains of Neath Castle are maintained by Neath Town Council, ensuring their preservation for future generations. Unfortunately, due to ongoing preservation concerns, the site is currently closed to public access, demonstrating the challenges involved in balancing the protection of the monument with its value as a public heritage site. Location 1 Castle View, Neath SA11 3LY NGR SS7536597795 Selected Bibliography Heneb. (2024). Neath Castle. PRN 00624w. Archwilio: The Historic Environment Record for Wales. Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust. Available at: https://www.archwilio.org.uk (Accessed 13 Apr. 2025). Kenyon, J. (2010). The Medieval Castles of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. Lindsay, E. (1998). The Castles of Wales. London: Constable and Company Ltd. Morgan, R. and Lewis, R. (2023). 3D Photogrammetric Survey, Archaeological Watching Brief & Historic Building Record: Masonry Wall Collapse and Repair Neath Castle. Black Mountains Archaeology. Report No. BMA2023/012. Salter, M. (2002). The Castles of Gwent, Glamorgan & Gower. Malvern: Folly Publications. RCAHMW. (2000). Glamorgan: Later Castles. London: HMSO. RCAHMW. (2024). Neath Castle. NPRN 94528. Coflein: The Online Catalogue of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. Available at: https://coflein.gov.uk (Accessed 13 Apr. 2025). Cite this work Harvard or APA Style Dallimore, J. (2026 August 2). Neath Castle. The Archaeology Addict. Retrieved from https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/neath-castle MLA Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "Neath Castle" The Archaeology Addict. The Archaeology Addict. 2 Aug 2026. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/neath-castle Chicago Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "Neath Castle" The Archaeology Addict. Last modified August 2, 2026. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/neath-castle

Historic Overview Dunraven Castle (Castell Dwnrhefn) lies on the northern flank of the Trwyn-y-Witch headland, near Southerndown in Bridgend. The site is first described as a "manor place" in the 1530s but later came to be known as a castle. It was originally owned by the Butler family, tenants of the Lord of Ogmore, and is reputed to have been destroyed or significantly damaged during the rebellion of Owain Glyndwr. The Butlers retained ownership until the 16th century, when the Vaughn family succeeded them—likely responsible for constructing the Tudor-period Dunraven House. In 1642, the manor was sold to Sir Humphrey Wyndham, passing down through his descendants for several generations. The house was later rebuilt as a castellated hunting lodge in the early 19th century for Member of Parliament Thomas Wyndham. It underwent significant remodelling in 1858 by Egbert Moxham and was later extended around 1906 by George Devey. The house was set upon the earlier ramparts of an Iron Age promontory fort, adding a deeper historical layer to the site. The deer park surrounding the property likely dates from the 17th century, though the current boundary wall—now partly demolished—was constructed in the early 19th century. It enclosed the estate as part of the enhancements made during Wyndham’s tenure. Several entrance drives were developed, including the north-west approach with its Gothic-style lodge and gates, an eastern route via the Pant Llawn-dwr valley with the Grand Lodge, and a south-eastern drive from Cwm Mawr Lodge, now in ruins. A tower to the south of the castle, marked as a "Summer House" on historic maps, is believed to have functioned as a coastal landmark. Architectural Overview Dunraven Castle, as rebuilt in the early 19th century, combined the picturesque ideals of a romanticised medieval castle with functional estate architecture. The main house was designed as a castellated hunting lodge, incorporating features such as battlements and a revetment wall, which gave the manor a defensive appearance. It was complemented by a complex of ancillary buildings and landscaped pleasure grounds. The formal pleasure grounds and walled garden were built on sloping terrain around the house. These included a fountain to the south of the garden, a conservatory to its southeast, and a flagstaff. An additional unidentified ruined stone structure also survives. A small pavilion was located in the western corner of the revetment wall, overlooking the walled garden, which lies in the valley bottom to the northeast of the house. Enclosures on this site date back to the 16th century when a walled paddock was first constructed. The garden has undergone several phases of development and partial restoration since the late 19th century. The northern garden walls are partly buttressed and feature Gothic-style doorways leading to a now-lost stable block. In front of the north-east wall are the brick footings of a former glasshouse, likely a vinery. A distinctive round tower built of rubble stone stands in the eastern corner, constructed in the mid-19th century. It was multifunctional, with an upper-floor banqueting room and a basement ice-house chamber. A folly structure adjoins the walled garden and house grounds, reinforcing the estate's romantic landscape aesthetic. A summer house in the garden bears a commemorative plaque inscribed with a poem written in 1873 by two London solicitors visiting the Earl of Dunraven. The poetic inscription reflects the tranquil, sentimental atmosphere that the estate was intended to evoke. It reads - Dearly I love Dunraven Bay Under it's cliffs by night or by day Near me the waves on the golden sand, Roll widely in foam as they dash to the land. At times it's so still, I fancy I hear, Voices of lost ones, melodious and clear. Even the driftwood seems to say Never forget life is ebbing away. RCAHMW. (1947). Photograph of Dunraven Castle. The Image 6413381 is © Crown Copyright: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. Modern Legacy During the First and Second World Wars, much of the castle and its grounds were repurposed as a Red Cross hospital. Throughout this period, patients, staff, and visitors reported sightings of a spectral woman dressed in blue within the castle. The structure was subsequently demolished in 1962, and many of its contents were sold at auction. While the reasons behind the castle's demolition remain speculative, it is widely believed to have been the result of a dispute between the local council and the remaining custodians. The grounds of Dunraven Castle were designated a Scheduled Monument (GM350), and key features such as the entrance gateway, ice tower, garden building, and boundary walls were granted Grade II Listed status (Cadw Refs. 21797, 21786, 21788, 21787) in 1999. Southerndown is renowned locally for its stunning coastline and picturesque countryside. Regrettably, very little of the original castle remains today, with only a few low courses of wall still visible. Location Beach Road, Southerndown, Bridgend, CF32 0RP. NGR SS8878072810 Selected Bibliography Archwilio. (2024). Dunraven Castle. PRN 00330. Archwilio. Available at: https://archwilio.org.uk [Accessed 23 Feb. 2025] Cadw. (1999).  Dunraven Castle: Scheduled Monument and Listed Building Designation . Cadw. Report No. 21797. Cadw. (1999).  Scheduled Monuments and Listed Buildings in Bridgend . Cadw. Report No. 21786, 21788, 21787. Coflein. (2024). Dunraven Castle. NPRN 18581. Coflein. Available at: https://coflein.gov.uk/en/site/18581/ [Accessed 23 Feb. 2025] Evans, J. (1963).  The Fate of Dunraven Castle: The Dispute and Demolition . Journal of Welsh History, Vol. 34. Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust (GGAT). (1999).  Dunraven Castle: Archaeological Overview and Historical Significance . Archaeological Report. GGAT Report No. 099-1999. Jones, M. (2012).  Dunraven Castle and its Role During the World Wars . Bridgend Heritage Publications. Report No. 2412-2012. Lambert, J. and Lambert, M. (2020). Dunraven Castle - A Glamorgan mansion through time. Hidden Glamorgan. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW). (1996).  Dunraven Castle: The Architectural and Historical Landscape of Southerndown . RCAHMW Report. No. 1234-1996. Wyndham, T. (2000).  The History of Dunraven Castle and its Grounds: From Tudor to Twentieth Century . Bridgend Historical Society. Report No. BHS/05-2000. Cite this work Harvard or APA Style Dallimore, J. (2025 February 23). Dunraven Castle. The Archaeology Addict.  Retrieved from https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/Dunraven-castle   MLA Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "Dunraven Castle" The Archaeology Addict.  The Archaeology Addict. 23 Feb 2025. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/Dunraven-castle Chicago Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "Dunraven Castle" The Archaeology Addict . Last modified February 23, 2025. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/Dunraven-castle

Historic Overview Coity Castle (Castell Coety)  is a Norman stronghold established by Sir Payn "The Demon" de Turberville, one of the legendary Twelve Knights of Glamorgan who, under the command of Robert FitzHamon, Lord of Gloucester, played a significant role in the Norman conquest of Glamorgan. Today, the castle stands in ruins within the community of Coity Higher, near the town of Bridgend. Despite his contributions, FitzHamon did not initially reward Payn with land, prompting him to take possession of the territory surrounding Coity. Construction of the castle commenced around AD 1100, beginning as a simple earthwork fortification. The site is believed to have Roman origins, although no archaeological excavations have yet confirmed this theory. In an effort to avoid military conflict, the native Welsh lord, Morgan ap Meurig, strategically offered his daughter’s hand in marriage to Sir Payn. As a result, Payn assumed lordship over Coity and initiated the development of the castle, beginning with a timber and earth ringwork. The geology of the area, consisting of a thick limestone shelf covered by a shallow soil layer, rendered the construction of a motte impractical; thus, a ringwork design was adopted. Like many Norman castles in Glamorgan, Coity may have been built on the site of a former Roman fort, as its strategic location supports the possibility of Roman military activity. This theory is further reinforced by the presence of Heol Spencer, a notably straight and ancient route believed to be of Roman origin. Sir Gilbert de Turberville, a descendant of Payn, later undertook substantial renovations, transforming the wooden structures into a more durable stone fortress. Enhancements included the construction of a stone keep and a curtain wall enclosing the inner ward. The Turberville family maintained control of Coity Castle for approximately two centuries, during which extensive modifications were made. Notably, a domestic range was added adjacent to the central gatehouse in the 14th century, and the timber floors were replaced with stone vaults. One such feature, an octagonal stone pier, remains visible within the ruins. Additionally, the defensive ramparts of the outer bailey were reconstructed in stone. The Turberville male lineage eventually became extinct, and the castle passed into the hands of Sir Lawrence Berkerolles, who continued the castle’s development. Berkerolles successfully defended Coity Castle during the Welsh revolts led by Owain Glyndwr between 1404 and 1405. However, the stronghold sustained considerable damage during these sieges and remained in disrepair following Berkerolles’ death in 1411. A dispute over the rightful ownership of the castle emerged shortly thereafter between Lady Joan Verney, daughter of Margaret de Turberville, and William Gamage, who had married the youngest sister of Richard de Turberville and had male heirs. Joan, a widow without male descendants, had a comparatively weak claim. Gamage defied royal authority by laying siege to the castle, for which he and his supporters were imprisoned in the Tower of London. Upon his release in 1413, Gamage assumed possession and oversaw extensive repairs, including the addition of a chapel above the great hall and the construction of a barn along the southern wall of the outer bailey. A tower was also converted into a gatehouse. Subsequent generations continued to enhance the estate. Barbara Gamage, a later heiress, married Sir Robert Sidney, Earl of Leicester. The Sidney's carried out further renovations to improve habitability, introducing grand windows and multiple fireplaces. Nevertheless, due to its relative isolation from political and social centres, the family eventually relocated to Penshurst Place in Kent. The siege led by Owain Glyndwr marked the beginning of the castle’s gradual decline. In the 16th century, significant remodelling was undertaken, especially within the residential quarters. Improvements included the addition of a new storey, updated windows, and twin chimney stacks. The main chambers were situated on the upper floors, accessible via an imposing spiral staircase. Beneath the central hall lay a vaulted under croft, while the ground floor housed service rooms such as a kitchen equipped with ovens. A large malting kiln and a latrine tower can still be identified within the ruins. The second floor contained private apartments. By the 17th century, the castle had been abandoned, and in the 18th century it was sold to the Edwin family of Llanharry. The lordship of Coity was later transferred to the Earls of Dunraven. Historical records referred to the Coity Castle as ruinous by the 19th century. Architectural Overview Coity Castle evolved through five distinct phases of construction. It features two main wards: the inner ward, adapted from the original 11th-century palisaded ringwork, and an outer ward, likely replacing a contemporary bailey. In the 12th century, the Normans added a rectangular stone keep and a surrounding curtain wall, with the keep primarily serving defensive purposes. The 14th century saw substantial redesigns, including the addition of a domestic range linked to the central gatehouse. Earlier timber floors were replaced by stone vaults, supported by a central octagonal pier that remains intact. A chapel wing, featuring a prominent east-facing window, was constructed on the first floor at the eastern end of the domestic range in the 15th century. Further improvements were made during the Tudor period, particularly within the residential areas of the inner ward. To the north of the castle, a series of earthworks are visible, widely believed to be remnants of siegeworks established by Owain Glyndwr’s forces in the early 15th century. However, given the location’s strategic significance, it is also plausible that these features relate to a former Roman fort. Salter, M. (1996). Site plan of Coity Castle. Modern Legacy Coity Castle remains one of the most evocative and historically significant medieval ruins in South Wales. In recognition of its exceptional heritage value, it was designated a Scheduled Monument (GM004) and a Grade I Listed Building (Cadw Ref. 11254) in 1963. These designations ensure the site's protection under national heritage legislation and acknowledge its importance as a cultural and architectural landmark. Today, the castle is managed by Cadw, the Welsh Government’s historic environment service, which oversees its conservation and accessibility. The site is open to the public year-round, and there is no admission fee, allowing visitors to freely explore the castle grounds. Access is permitted during daylight hours and at any reasonable time, offering a unique opportunity to engage with centuries of history in an atmospheric and unspoiled setting. Though in a ruinous state, many key architectural elements remain visible, providing insight into the castle’s defensive and domestic functions throughout the medieval period. Visitors can still observe the remnants of the stone keep, the curtain walls, vaulted chambers, and parts of the domestic range, including the octagonal pier that once supported a grand hall. Informational signage at the site helps contextualise its historical development and significance. Surrounded by peaceful countryside and positioned near the town of Bridgend, Coity Castle continues to attract historians, heritage enthusiasts, and casual visitors alike. Its enduring presence not only serves as a powerful reminder of Norman and medieval history in Wales but also offers a tranquil and educational environment for reflection and exploration. Ongoing conservation efforts aim to stabilise and preserve the remaining structures for future generations, while maintaining the site’s character as a freely accessible historic monument. The White Lady of Coity Castle: Heartbreak, Hauntings & a Hint of Drama Coity Castle isn’t just a crumbling medieval ruin—it’s also (allegedly!) home to a heartbroken ghost with a flair for the dramatic. The story goes that a young noblewoman named Gwenllian once lived within these stone walls. She fell head over heels for a handsome knight—classic, right? But of course, their love was totally off-limits. Her father, being the medieval buzzkill that he was, found out and locked up the poor knight. Gwenllian, devastated and furious, was forced into a loveless marriage with someone deemed more "suitable." And here’s where things take a dark turn: Gwenllian, overwhelmed with sorrow, is said to have thrown herself from the castle’s heights. Ever since, her ghost—dressed in flowing white, naturally—has been spotted drifting around the ruins at twilight, gazing longingly across the landscape. Romantic? Yes. Creepy? Also yes. Is she searching for her lost love? Haunting her old stomping ground out of sheer spite? Maybe both. Either way, if you visit Coity Castle at dusk… don’t be surprised if you feel like you’re being watched. Location Coity, Bridgend, CF35 6BG. NGR SS9231481499 Selected Bibliography Cadw. (2024). Castell Coety . Welsh Government. Cambrian Archaeological Projects. (2004). Archaeological watching brief on land at Bro Dawel, adjacent to Coity Castle . Report No. 339, Project No. 606. Coflein. (2024). Coity Castle (NPRN 94504) . Available at: https://coflein.gov.uk/en/site/94504/  [Accessed 16 Feb. 2025]. Griffiths, R.A. (2001). ‘The Lordship of Coity in the Later Middle Ages’, Morgannwg: Transactions of the Glamorgan Local History Society , 45. Heneb – The Historic Environment Record. (2024). Coity Castle (PRN 00370m) . Archwilio. Available at: https://archwilio.org.uk  [Accessed 16 Feb. 2025]. Kenyon, J.R. (2010). The Medieval Castles of Wales . Cardiff: University of Wales Press. Kenyon, J.R. and Spurgeon, C.J. (2001). Coity Castle, Ogmore Castle, Newcastle (Bridgend) . Cardiff: Cadw. Lindsay, E. (1998). The Castles of Wales . London: Constable & Company. Michalew, J. (2023). Coity Castle: Ancient and Medieval Architecture . https://medievalheritage.eu/en/main-page/heritage/wales/coity-castle/ [Accessed: 16 Feb. 2025]. Salter, M. (2002). The Castles of Gwent, Glamorgan & Gower . Malvern: Folly Publications. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. (1991). Glamorgan: Early Castles . London: HMSO. Cite this work Harvard or APA Style Dallimore, J. (2025 February 16). Coity Castle. The Archaeology Addict.  Retrieved from https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/coity-castle   MLA Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "Coity Castle" The Archaeology Addict.  The Archaeology Addict. 16 Feb 2025. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/coity-castle Chicago Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "Coity Castle" The Archaeology Addict . Last modified February 16, 2025. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/coity-castle

Historic Overview Usk Castle (Castell Brynbuga) is situated in the town of Usk, Monmouthshire, overlooking the river valley. The castle and town were likely established around 1120, following earlier Norman settlements in the region. Historical sources suggest Walter Fitz Richard, who received the Lordship of Chepstow from Henry I, was responsible for the castle’s initial construction. While the precise date of construction remains uncertain, the first documented reference to the castle appears in 1138, when it was captured by the Welsh. The site is also believed to have housed a Roman legionary fortress occupied by the Twentieth Legion, Valeria Victrix , in the 1st century AD before the garrison relocated to Caerleon. This earlier occupation underscores the strategic importance of Usk as a crossing point and military stronghold long before the medieval period. Usk Castle changed hands numerous times during the 12th and 13th centuries, reflecting the volatile relationship between the Anglo-Norman lords and native Welsh princes. Gilbert de Clare regained the castle, which his son, Richard de Clare, later strengthened. Unfortunately, the fortification fell again to the Welsh in 1174 during unrest of the Welsh Marches. Richard de Clare died without a male heir, and so the estate passed to his daughter Isabella de Clare. As she was underage, the crown assumed control of the castle and spent several years investing in repairs and upkeep. Isabella’s marriage to William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, led to extensive rebuilding of the castle before 1189 , including the addition of a garrison tower, a round tower, and stone curtain walls replacing the earlier timber defences. The castle remained in the hands of the de Clare family until the death of Gilbert de Clare’s son at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. His widow, Countess Matilda, oversaw improvements to the residential quarters. Upon her death, the estate passed to her sister-in-law, Elizabeth de Burgh, who fortified the site further—likely in response to her husband Roger Dammory’s involvement in a rebellion against Edward II. Following the king’s victory, Elizabeth was briefly imprisoned, and the castle was seized by Hugh Despenser until 1327. Seven years later, Elizabeth regained control of Usk Castle after Edward II's defeat.  In the late 14th century, Edmund Mortimer, the Earl of March, inherited Usk Castle. He and his son Roger soon fortified the outer bailey with stone walls, likely in anticipation of further conflict. These concerns proved well founded during the Glyndwr Rising, when the castle played a key role in the defence of the region. During Owain Glyndwr’s rebellion, the castle was defended by loyalist forces led by Lord Richard Grey of Codnor and Dafydd Gam, who defeated a major Welsh assault at the nearby Battle of Pwll Melyn in 1405-06. By the mid-15th century, as dynastic tensions gave rise to the Wars of the Roses, the strategic importance of Usk diminished. With Edward IV’s accession, Prince Richard granted the castle to Sir William ap Thomas and subsequently to his son, Sir William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, who began converting it into a more comfortable residence. After Herbert’s death at the Battle of Edgecote in 1469, the castle returned to Crown ownership. The castle suffered a decline shortly after this period and gradually fell into disrepair. With the increasing political stability, Usk Castle's military role declined, and it became part of the Duchy of Lancaster. I n 1536, Roger Williams of Llangybi was prosecuted for removing stone from the castle to build Ty Mawr, a townhouse in Usk, illustrating its descent into ruin. By the 17th century, despite some adaptive reuse of the gatehouse as a residence, the site had largely lost its political and military relevance. It survived the English Civil War with minimal damage and saw partial redevelopment in the 1680s, signalling its final transformation from feudal stronghold to romantic ruin. Architectural Overview Usk Castle was strategically positioned on a hill overlooking the eastern bank of the Usk River, providing commanding views of the surrounding valley and affording natural defensive advantages. It was surrounded by ancient woodland,  which would have served both as a natural barrier and a source of timber . An outer bailey lay to the east, likely used for agricultural and economic purposes, such as stabling, storage, and service buildings supporting the castle's domestic and military functions. In the mid-12th century, the only stone element of the castle was an irregular shaped four-sided tower known as the keep.  It consisted of a basement and two upper floors, with narrow Romanesque windows typical of the period. Architectural evidence suggests the tower initially functioned as a gatehouse rather than a keep, due to the presence of an internal arcade, later blocked, indicating passage through the structure. By the late 13th century, the original timber palisades and earthworks were replaced by a stone curtain wall, marking a significant phase in the castle’s militarisation. William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke—one of the most powerful men in medieval England—oversaw extensive fortifications, including the construction of the cylindrical Garrison Tower and the Round Tower. The Garrison Tower, which protected the town-facing approach, was a four-storey structure originally accessible via a first-floor entrance reached by a timber stair, a typical design feature to prevent easy enemy access. The lower two storeys were equipped with narrow arrow loops for archery defence, while the upper levels had slender pointed windows to admit more light, enhancing its function as a residence as well as a defensive structure. A spiral staircase provided access to the top defensive walkway, which was later enhanced with corbelled parapets and crenelated battlements, reflecting the castle’s continual adaptation to changing military technologies and aesthetic preferences. Additional alterations included the insertion of a latrine and fireplace on the third floor of the Garrison Tower, improving its habitability. The North Tower, constructed in a horseshoe shape, likely flanked the main gateway, reinforcing the curtain wall's defensive capabilities. The main gate was probably set within a rounded archway and fitted with a portcullis, indicating a well-defended and formal entrance into the inner ward. In the early 14th century, a rectangular building was constructed by the northern curtain, called the Countess’s Chamber. three-storey building functioned as elite accommodation, featuring two fireplaces and a spiral staircase, suggesting a high level of comfort. It is named after Countess Maud (Matilda), widow of Gilbert de Clare, who took residence following her husband's death at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. The gatehouse, dating from the same period, further strengthened the castle’s defences while providing a controlled access point. Within the inner ward, a number of residential and service buildings were constructed. Among them was a large rectangular hall block, featuring two storeys: a buttressed great hall on the first floor—likely used for administrative gatherings, feasts, and legal proceedings—and a ground floor likely housing a kitchen or pantry. Adjacent to this hall stood a chapel, underscoring the religious life of the castle’s inhabitants and reflecting the integral role of Christianity in medieval lordship. Elizabeth de Burgh and her husband, Roger Dammory, undertook further enhancements. A large bay window was inserted beside the Countess’s Chamber, allowing additional light into the private apartments—an indicator of increasing concern for comfort and status in castle architecture. A new south gatehouse and two drawbridges were also constructed, and the moat was dredged, signifying a renewed emphasis on defence during the political instability of Edward II’s reign. The fortified outer ward offered protection from the east and south and featured at least one cylindrical tower and several postern gates—small, often concealed gateways for discreet movement in and out of the castle. This area also housed key economic buildings, including stables, granaries, and workshops essential to the self-sufficiency of the castle estate. For much of the later medieval period, the outer ward served as the administrative centre of the lordship and the residence of the steward, who managed the estate on behalf of the absentee lords. Later, in the 15th century, the northern wall was rebuilt without window openings for improved security, though it included fireplaces to provide heat. The eastern wall was refitted with late Gothic windows, demonstrating the evolution of the tower’s design from purely defensive to more comfortable domestic accommodation. By the 17th century, the castle came into the possession of Thomas Herbert, who served as county sheriff. Although the military function of the castle had long since declined, parts of the structure remained in use. In the 19th century, a new house was constructed along the retaining wall of the outer ward, incorporating medieval masonry into its design. The resulting building preserved elements of its historic predecessor while adapting the site for modern domestic use, a pattern seen in many former marcher castles during the post-medieval period. Salter, M. (2002). Usk Castle Site Plan. Modern Legacy Usk Castle remains a compelling symbol of the military, political, and architectural legacy of the Norman and Marcher lordships in Wales. It offers valuable insight into centuries of border conflict, aristocratic ambition, and the gradual transition from fortification to domestic residence. The ruins are substantial, featuring notable elements such as the dovecote tower. Among the more unusual features are remnants of a narrow-gauge railway, used during 1930s excavations for earth moving, and two disarmed Elia naval mines from the Second World War, now displayed as garden ornaments. The former gatehouse was converted into a heavily modified 18th/19th-century house. The castle grounds have been privately owned since 1908 and maintained by the Humphreys family since 1921. Prior to this, the site functioned variously as a farmhouse, a dame school, and the home of a fern collector. In 2001, an archaeological excavation unearthed paved flooring with a stone drain, iron objects, a bronze vessel with traces of possible gold leaf, and locally produced ceramic ridge tiles dated broadly to the 13th–15th centuries. However, their reuse complicates precise contextual dating. Additional finds included 12th–13th-century cooking wares, also determined to be of local origin. Further work in 2019, particularly in the Castle House, uncovered more 13th–14th-century cooking pottery, animal bones, fragments of burnt stone, slate, and lime mortar, along with later 19th–20th-century blue and white ceramics. In the South Lower Room, the original cobble floor of a former stable was preserved beneath modern wood flooring. A single sherd of North Devon pottery, likely from Barnstaple and dating to the late 17th century, was also recovered. Today, Usk Castle is protected as a Scheduled Monument (MM012) and has held Grade I listed status (Cadw Ref. 2127) since 1953. The Castle House also holds Grade I status (Cadw Ref. 2128), and the adjacent barn is listed Grade II (Cadw Ref. 82756). The site is open to the public and regularly hosts community events, including historical re-enactments and private functions such as weddings. Although the gardens immediately surrounding the house and tithe barn are private, they open annually under the National Open Gardens scheme. Location Castle House, Usk, NP15 1SD. NGR SO3767701089 Selected Bibliography Cadw. (2024). Usk Castle . Cardiff: Cadw. Clarke, S. (2001). Usk Castle: Evaluation . Newport: Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust (GGAT). Heneb. (2024). Usk Castle, PRN 02021g . Archwilio. Available at: https://archwilio.org.uk/  (Accessed 06 Apr. 2025). Kenyon, J.R. (2010). The Medieval Castles of Wales . Cardiff: University of Wales Press. Lindsay, E. (1998). The Castles of Wales . London: B.T. Batsford. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW). (2024). Usk Castle, NPRN 94856 . Coflein. Available at: https://coflein.gov.uk/en/site/94856  (Accessed: 06 Apr. 2025). Salter, M. (2002). The Castles of Gwent, Glamorgan & Gower . Malvern: Folly Publications. Cite this work Harvard or APA Style Dallimore, J. (2025 April 06). Usk Castle. The Archaeology Addict.  Retrieved from https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/usk-castle   MLA Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "Usk Castle" The Archaeology Addict.  The Archaeology Addict. 06 Apr 2025. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/usk-castle Chicago Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "Usk Castle" The Archaeology Addict . Last modified April 06, 2025. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/usk-castle

Dallimore, J. 2023. Newcastle Castle. Historic Overview Newcastle Castle ( Y Castell Newydd) is located on a steep hill on the west bank of the River Ogmore, In Bridgend, South Wales. It was established in 1106 by Robert FitzHamon, the first Norman Lord of Glamorgan, and constructed by William de Londres, one of the Twelve Knights of Glamorgan. This was de Londres' only castle located to the west of the River Ogmore. There is no evidence of a surrounding ditch, and the medieval parish church lies to the south of the site. Newcastle Castle was one of three fortifications built in the area during the 12th century, alongside Coity Castle and Ogmore Castle, with all three castles strategically placed to protect the region of Glamorgan from Welsh resistance. While there are no visible earthworks from the original construction phase, it is likely that the site began as a ringwork. A round-cornered building somewhat survives inside the castle walls but the walls have been partly demolished. The defences were substantially strengthened during the 12th century, possibly in response to an uprising led by the Welsh Lord Morgan ap Caradog of Afan. The castle was rebuilt in stone under the authority of either Earl William Fitz Robert or Henry II and included a keep, part of a curtain wall, and a Norman gateway. Upon the death of Henry II in 1189, Newcastle Castle passed to Prince John, who granted it to Morgan ap Caradog. After Morgan’s death in 1208, his son Lleison succeeded him. Following Lleison's death around 1214, the castle came into the possession of Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, the first wife of King John. In 1217, ownership briefly transferred to the Anglo-Norman baron Gilbert Fitz Richard before being handed over to Gilbert de Turberville, who preferred to reside at Coity Castle. Architectural Overview The primary defensive feature of the castle is its D-shaped enclosure, constructed during the 12th century. The curtain wall that surrounds the enclosure incorporates several towers, with the south tower being the most intact, containing three storeys. The west tower remains largely a base with little of its upper structure surviving. The most distinctive feature is a well-preserved entrance gate, which remains a significant architectural element. Despite centuries of decay, the gate serves as a reminder of the castle's strategic importance and its lasting presence in the region's history. A hall was later added with a central hearth, further emphasizing the castle's role as both a military stronghold and a centre of administration. In the 16th century, the south tower was remodelled to include Tudor windows and fireplaces, reflecting a shift towards residential use. A courthouse was added during a period of increased local administration, reflecting the castle's evolving role in governance. The bailey area, which was likely home to various auxiliary structures, still retains the remains of an additional building, although its dating remains unclear. Kenyon, J. (2001). Newcastle Castle Site Plan. Modern Legacy Newcastle Castle became a designated Scheduled Monument (GM063) and Grade II* Listed Building (Cadw Ref. 11313) in 1986, acknowledging its historical and architectural significance. The designation underscores the castle’s importance as a key site in the medieval heritage of South Wales. In 1996, trial excavations at the site yielded a modest assemblage of human remains, pottery fragments, glass, and iron, indicating potential previous use of the area for domestic or funerary purposes. These discoveries contribute valuable insights to the ongoing archaeological understanding of the castle’s history and its role within the broader context of medieval settlement in the region. Today, the castle grounds remain open to the public year-round, free of charge, providing an accessible location for visitors to explore the site. The grounds are a popular destination for both locals and tourists, offering a tranquil setting ideal for picnics and outdoor recreation. The site’s open access allows for a deeper appreciation of the castle's architectural remains, as well as its strategic position overlooking the River Ogmore, reinforcing its significance as a prominent historical landmark in the region’s cultural landscape. Location 15 The Square, Bridgend, CF31 4EY. NGR SS9022480078 Selected Bibliography Archwilio. (2024). Newcastle Castle  (PRN 00123m). Archwilio Database. Available at: https://archwilio.org.uk [Accessed 09 Mar. 2025]. Cadw. (1986). Newcastle Castle  (Scheduled Monument GM063, Grade II* Listed Building, Cadw ref. 11313). Cadw: Welsh Government. Coflein. (2024). Newcastle Castle . NPRN 93020. Available at: https://coflein.gov.uk/en/site/93020/ [Accessed 09 Mar. 2025]. Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust. (1996). Archaeological Investigation at Newcastle Castle . Report No. 96/23. Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Report. Hull, L. (1997). The Norman Castles of Wales . Report No. 97/02. Cardiff University Press. Jones, I. (2012). Archaeological Watching Brief at Newcastle Castle . Report No. AW/NC/2012. Archaeology Wales. Cite this work Harvard or APA Style Dallimore, J. (2025 March 09). Newcastle Castle. The Archaeology Addict.  Retrieved from https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/newcastle-castle   MLA Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "Newcastle Castle" The Archaeology Addict.  The Archaeology Addict. 09 Mar 2025. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/newcastle-castle Chicago Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "Newcastle Castle" The Archaeology Addict . Last modified March 09, 2025. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/newcastle -castle

Historic Overview Candleston Castle (Castell Treganna) is a 14th-century ruined manor tower-house located within a D-shaped enclosure at Merthyr Mawr Warren, near the village of Treganlaw. The site, situated in the fee of Merthyr Mawr, was acquired in the 12th century by the St Quintin lords of Llanbleddian and Talyfan. The castle and manor derive their name from the Cantaloupes, the first known tenants after the St Quintins sub-enfeoffed the land. Although no direct records exist of the de Cantilupe family at the site in the 12th century. The manor is possibly sited on an earlier enclosure, replacing that of a previous building, based upon the presence of remnants of an earlier wall . Perhaps in-use as an elite dwelling and consequently modified. The castle's position across a narrow promontory suggests a defensive role. Merthyr Mawr is known for its archaeological significance, spanning Prehistoric, Roman, and Medieval periods. The castle is thought to have been built by Robert de Canteilupe III, who held land at Candleston in 1320 according to the Despenser Survey of Glamorgan. After Robert's death, ownership likely passed to John de Cantilupe, possibly the Abbot of Margam in 1315. The manor passed through the Cantilupe family to the Cradocks, beginning with Janet Cantilupe's marriage to Richard Cradock around 1468. Sir Matthew Cradock later inherited the property and undertook refurbishment in the late 15th century. The manor was subsequently inherited by his daughter, Margaret, and her husband, Sir Richard Herbert, who made further alterations. By 1596, the property was referred to as Cantelowstowne. By 1635, the castle was known as Cantloston. The manor passed to the Doddington family through Mary Herbert's marriage to Sir William Doddington, and later to the Greville family through Robert Greville's marriage to their granddaughter. The Grevilles made minimal modifications before selling the property to the Franklen family in the 18th century. In 1830, the manor was sold to Judge and MP John Nicholl, who used it as a residence while building his own manor. The castle remained a farmhouse until the late 19th century, after which it was abandoned. In the Victorian and early 20th centuries, the site hosted rifle shooting practices by territorial soldiers. In 1903, the Glamorgan Yeomanry held shooting competitions at the castle. Architectural Overview The structural remains at Candleston Castle reflect four principal phases of masonry construction. The initial phase was the most architecturally significant, establishing a layout that influenced all subsequent developments. Minor, undated additions suggest continuous occupation from the 14th to the 19th century. The manor comprises a two-storey range with a first-floor hall and an eastern solar tower, enclosed by a stone curtain wall. An excavation in 1930 uncovered a boundary feature believed to date shortly after 1578. In the early 19th century, modifications included the addition of a stable, crenelations for ornamental effect, and a defensive tower. Near the site of a windmill uncovered in 1823, the stepped base of a Calvary cross—of uncertain date—was discovered, with a fallen cross lying beside it. RCAHMW. Candleston Castle Site Plan. Modern Legacy In the 21st century, Candleston Castle survives as a ruin, largely overgrown with vegetation and surrounded by woodland and farmland. The site lies within the Merthyr Mawr Nature Reserve, beneath the now-wooded sand dunes and adjacent to the Wales Coast Path. The surrounding area supports diverse flora and fauna, including wildfowl, butterflies, moths, autumn gentian, violets, and orchids. Designated a Scheduled Monument (GM095) and a Grade II* Listed Building (Cadw Ref. 11230) since 1963, parts of the castle—particularly sections of the curtain wall—are vulnerable to vandalism and structural instability, though some areas remain in reasonable condition. The grounds are open to the public year-round, but visitors are advised to exercise caution due to the ruin’s deteriorating state. Location Merthyr Mawr, Bridgend, CF32 0PA. NGR SS8712077250 Selected Bibliography Cadw. (1963). Candleston Castle - Grade II  Listed Building Report*. Available at: https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?id=11230 (Accessed 23 Mar. 2025). Coflein. (2024). Candleston Castle. NPRN 93050. Available at: https://coflein.gov.uk/en/site/93050/ [Accessed 23 Mar. 2025] Davies, R. (2008) The Castles of Wales  (2nd ed.). Cardiff: University of Wales Press. Heneb. (2024). Candleston Castle. PRN 00258m. Archwilio. Available at: https://archwilio.org.uk [Accessed 23 Mar. 2025] Nichols, J. (2007) The Medieval Welsh Castles  (1st ed.). London: The History Press. Williams, G. (2001) Castles and Fortifications in Wales: From the Romans to the Normans  (1st ed.). London: Sutton Publishing. Cite this work Harvard or APA Style Dallimore, J. (2025 March 23). Candleston Castle. The Archaeology Addict.  Retrieved from https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/candleston-castle   MLA Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "Candleston Castle" The Archaeology Addict.  The Archaeology Addict. 23 Mar 2025. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/candleston-castle Chicago Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "Candleston Castle" The Archaeology Addict . Last modified March 23, 2025. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/candleston-castle

Historic Overview Ogmore Castle (Castell Ogwr) is located near the village of Ogmore-by-Sea on the south bank of the River Ewenny and the east bank of the River Ogmore, in Bridgend, Vale of Glamorgan, South Wales. Construction began around 1106, and it was one of three key Norman fortresses established in the region during the 12th century. Alongside Coity Castle and Newcastle, it formed a strategic defensive trio intended to protect Glamorgan from incursions by the Welsh to the west. The castle was granted to William de Londres, one of the Twelve Knights of Glamorgan, by Robert Fitzhamon, the Norman conqueror of the region. In 1116, William was forced to abandon the site in the face of organised Welsh resistance. In his absence, his butler, Arnold, successfully defended the castle and was subsequently knighted. As a reward for his loyalty and bravery, Arnold was granted the castle and manor of Dunraven. It is believed that either William or one of his immediate descendants was responsible for the construction of Ewenny Priory and Abbey—both designed with defensive features to withstand violent raids. Ogmore Castle also functioned as a prison for Welsh captives, particularly those convicted of crimes such as poaching. Punishments were often harsh and could result in execution. In one particularly brutal incident, a Welshman of noble descent was captured, tortured, and blinded with a heated implement. The lord's daughter is said to have intervened on his behalf, pleading for his release and for the restoration of land to the Welsh people—land which is now known as Southerndown Common. The de Londres family maintained control of the estate until 1298, when the heiress Maud de Chaworth married Henry, Earl of Lancaster. Thereafter, the Dukes of Lancaster held the castle until it was absorbed into the holdings of the English Crown in 1399. In 1349, a combination of successive failed harvests and the outbreak of the Black Death had a devastating impact on the lordship of Ogmore. Recovery was slow, but the resulting demographic changes allowed more land to be acquired at lower costs. This facilitated the rise of a new gentry class, formed from both newly wealthy individuals and established families. With the absentee lords based in England, these local gentry played an increasingly prominent role in the administration of estates and in regional and national affairs. The castle sustained further damage in 1405 during the Owain Glyndwr rebellion and gradually fell into significant ruin over the course of the 16th century. Nevertheless, a courthouse was established on the site, which continued to serve the local community until 1803. The site was eventually abandoned by the close of the 18th century. Architectural Overview The original fortification at Ogmore was constructed from earth and timber, forming a ringwork or motte. This was later strengthened with stone, including irregular fieldstones, glacial pebbles, limestone slabs, and brown mortar. A rock-cut ditch encircled the castle, remaining dry except during high tides, when it could be deliberately flooded and managed using medieval sluices. Though much of the structure is now ruined, it originally stood three storeys high and remains architecturally impressive. Surviving windows are round-headed and faced with Sutton stone ashlar. The inner ward was level and featured timber-built structures. Opposite the keep lies the remnants of another building, of which only the cellar survives. The keep itself, likely the oldest in Glamorgan, served as the administrative heart of the district. However, the surrounding landscape appears to have deterred the development of a permanent settlement. The Great Hall was notable for its finely carved fireplace and elaborate window tracery. The keep, constructed in the 1120s, represents one of the earliest Norman stone keeps in the region. In the 13th century, a second storey was added to provide accommodation for the lord and his family, including garderobes on both levels. A well-preserved latrine tower is also attached to the residential complex. During this period, additional buildings were constructed as required, including a curtain wall and a gatehouse. A lime kiln, inscribed with a cross and built over an earlier feature, still survives on site. The 14th-century courthouse, constructed nearby, includes a plain entrance doorway flanked by two chambers. During the Glyndwr rebellion, a courthouse was erected within the outer bailey. A weathered Celtic stone, mounted on a plinth, can still be seen outside the keep. Salter, M. (1996). Site plan of Ogmore Castle. Modern Legacy Today, Ogmore Castle is protected as a Scheduled Monument (GM037) and designated a Grade I Listed Building (Cadw Ref. 21793). It is managed by local authorities and has been under Cadw’s care since 1953. The nearby stepping stones used to cross the River Ewenny are also recognised as a Scheduled Ancient Monument (GM184). In 2012, Archaeology Wales conducted a limited excavation on the site, recovering a small assemblage of artefacts including clay pipe stem fragments and sherds of glazed pottery, likely dating to 18th- or 19th-century use. The Ghost of the Blinded Nobleman Long ago, when knights were bold and castles were more than just scenic ruins, Ogmore Castle was not only a military stronghold—it was also the medieval equivalent of a “Do Not Trespass” zone. Enter one rather dashing Welsh nobleman—brave, charming, and perhaps a little too cheeky for his own good. He was caught sneaking around enemy lands, accused of poaching, or possibly just pinching a few too many pheasants. Either way, the Norman lord of Ogmore was not  amused. Now, here’s where the story gets spicy. Instead of your average slap-on-the-wrist punishment, the poor lad was dragged into the castle, accused of being a rebel, and sentenced to the kind of punishment that would make your eyes water—literally. The poor chap was blinded with a red-hot poker. Yes, medieval justice was as subtle as a catapult to the face. But— twist! —the lord’s daughter had fallen head over heels for this rebellious heartthrob. Whether it was his tragic backstory, flowing locks, or refusal to follow castle rules, she was smitten. Legend has it she begged  her father for mercy, crying enough tears to flood the Ewenny River. Eventually, Daddy dearest relented. The prince was released, and in a moment of dramatic flair, the lord even gifted some land back to the Welsh—what we now call Southerndown Common. But alas! True love did not  win the day. The nobleman, now blind and broken-hearted, faded away not long after. And that, my friend, is when the hauntings began. To this day, when the mist rolls over the ruins and the stepping stones glisten in the moonlight, visitors say they see a tall figure wandering the grounds—eyes covered, arms outstretched, bumping into walls like a ghostly game of medieval Marco Polo. Some say he’s searching for his lost love. Others think he’s just trying to find the exit. Oh, and if you hear someone whispering your name or feel a sudden chill? Don’t worry. It’s probably just him… Or is it? Location Crompton Way, Bridgend, CF32 0QP . NGR SS8818076958 Selected Bibliography Cadw. (2021). Coity Castle, Ogmore Castle, Newcastle . Cardiff: Cadw. Coflein. (2024). Ogmore Castle (NPRN 93019) . Available at: https://coflein.gov.uk/en/site/93019/  [Accessed 02 Mar. 2025]. Heneb – The Historic Environment Record for Wales. (2024). Ogmore Castle (PRN 00234m) . Archwilio. Available at: https://archwilio.org.uk  [Accessed 02 Mar. 2025]. Hull, L. (1997). Ogmore Castle . Unpublished report. Jones, I. (2012). Ogmore Castle, Vale of Glamorgan: Archaeological Watching Brief . Archaeology Wales Report No. 1023. Jones, R. (1998). Haunted Castles of Britain and Ireland . London: New Holland Publishers . Cite this Work Harvard or APA Style Dallimore, J. (2025 March 02). Ogmore Castle. The Archaeology Addict.  Retrieved from https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/ogmore-castle   MLA Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "Ogmore Castle" The Archaeology Addict.  The Archaeology Addict. 02 Mar 2025. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/ogmore-castle Chicago Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "Ogmore Castle" The Archaeology Addict . Last modified March 02, 2025. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/ogmore-castle

Background Twmbarlwm or locally known as " The Twmp " (translation: hump) because of the mound that lies at its summit, is a hill situated 2 km (1.2 mi) to the northeast of Risca in South Wales. It is often mistakenly referred to as a mountain but is actually a hill due to being under 600 m (2,000 ft). It is 419 m (1,375 ft) high and is a well-known landmark throughout the region. It commands extensive views across what is now the M4 corridor, over Newport and Cwmbran - with part of it coming into Cwmbran - and out over the Bristol Channel. The summit of Twmbarlwm Hillfort is a flat surface of oval shape and on the highest part it is crowned with a circular artificial mound of earth and stones surrounded by a deep ditch. Late Bronze Age / Early Iron Age (c. 800–400 BCE) No documentary evidence for Twmbarlwm is currently known, and it is stated that it has not always been classified either as a hillfort or as a motte. Many scholars believe Twmbarlwm Hillfort originated in the late Bronze Age or early Iron Age, during a period marked by increasing social organisation, population pressure, and a shift in power structures, often materialised in the construction of hillforts. These fortified enclosures served a range of possible functions—defensive refuges, social centres, storage hubs, or status symbols for emerging tribal elites. A bronze age cairn has been identified within this monument, to the west of the motte ditch and has been interpreted as a funerary round cairn, probably dating from the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age. The feature comprises a circular mass of stones and was formed from quarried stone slabs. It has a hollow centre suggesting the mound was robbed to recover any artefacts at some point in the past. In the wider area is a linear grouping of four prehistoric cairns situated 752m to the west of the site, and a single Bronze Age cairn located across the valley 3km to the south-west. Constructed using earth and stone, the enclosure occupies a commanding ridge position on Mynydd Twyn-glas at 419 metres above sea level offering extensive views over the Ebbw and Usk valleys. Its strategic location suggests a defensive function, possibly serving as a stronghold, refuge, or territorial marker, perfect for surveillance, control of movement, and communication. The motte is surrounded by a rock cut ditch to the south, west and north, and the ditch cuts the Iron Age ramparts with a berm added. The rampart bank and ditch become less distinct in a section to the west, and originally considered to be the result of an unfinished defensive circuit. However, whilst the defences here are considered weak, archaeological works in 2021 revealed that this is likely the entrance to the site due a to lack of evidence of backfilling. Iron Age (c. 400 BCE – 43 CE) By the middle to late Iron Age, Twmbarlwm Hillfort was likely well established and may have played a key role in the local settlement hierarchy. Archaeological parallels suggest it may have functioned as a settlement or community centre with timber roundhouses, granaries, and livestock enclosures, all surrounded by defensive ramparts and ditches. It likely continued to serve as a focal point for the local population, possibly the Silures, a prominent Celtic tribe of south-east Wales known for their resistance to Roman invasion. The site’s prominence would have reinforced its role in social, economic, and possibly ritual activities within the wider landscape. The construction and maintenance of such a site would have required communal effort, suggesting strong social cohesion and leadership. From the prehistoric period, particularly the Iron Age, charcoal and a small number of pottery sherds have been identified in the surrounding area. These are typically coarse, hand-made wares associated with domestic activity. Additionally, traces of burnt stone and charcoal have been noted on the hill, possibly indicating hearths or cooking areas. Some surface finds may include worked flint or stone flakes, although these remain poorly documented and are not securely dated. Roman Period (43 – 410 CE) Following the Roman conquest of Britain, the Silures mounted a fierce resistance, which led to prolonged military campaigns in south-east Wales. With the eventual subjugation of the Silures, many native hillforts were either abandoned or repurposed. Twmbarlwm’s strategic value would have diminished as the Roman military established a network of forts and roads across the region, including the nearby legionary base at Caerleon (Isca Augusta). The hillfort would have lost its military value under Roman rule, with its function likely ceasing altogether. While archaeological evidence is limited, any continued use of the site during this period was likely symbolic, ritualistic or sporadic for local populations. Although some upland sites were repurposed for pastoral use or as waypoints within Romanised territory. Despite the strategic significance of Twmbarlwm during the Roman period, there is no direct evidence of Roman occupation on the hill itself. However, Roman pottery and other artefacts have been recovered from lower slopes and nearby sites in the Ebbw Valley, suggesting Roman activity in the broader landscape. These items may reflect trade, movement, or displaced materials rather than direct settlement at the hillfort . Early Medieval Period (5th – 11th centuries) After the Roman withdrawal in the early 5th century, power reverted to local rulers and tribal groupings. Although direct archaeological evidence from this period is scarce, it is plausible that Twmbarlwm may have retained its significance as a territorial boundary or ceremonial site. Its continued prominence in the landscape may have made it a natural boundary marker between emerging early medieval kingdoms or commotes. Additionally, some hillforts were reoccupied or used as assembly sites during this era, though no excavations at Twmbarlwm have confirmed such reuse. Its imposing presence would have continued to shape local identity and tradition, possibly giving rise to early folklore and oral histories. Medieval Period (12th – 15th centuries) The summit mound at Twmbarlwm includes a distinct mound and has been interpreted by some scholars as a possible Norman motte, suggesting that the site may have been reused as a watchtower or signalling outpost during the medieval period. The form of both the bank and ditch of this motte, at the eastern extent of the enclosure suggests that it was a medieval motte. Its lower sections, including the ditch, were cut from the bedrock, with the mound raised above this level. Phillips has categorised the site as an early watch-tower motte without a bailey, and surmises that the limit of the Norman influence would have been confined to the eastern end of the site. It may have carried a grand timber-framed tower within a small palisaded court. At its base is a deep ditch, rock-cut in places, which appears to cut the enclosure ditch. Knight also suggests that the motte may have been an unfinished de Clare castle built during the late 13th century, noting its similarities in location to another masonry castle at Morlais. Whilst this interpretation remains inconclusive, it would imply the Normans saw value in reusing earlier strategic sites to assert control over the region’s uplands and key travel routes. Such a watchpoint would have been especially useful in overseeing movement through the Ebbw Valley, which became more accessible with the development of medieval trackways. Wiles notes that this is an unusually remote site for a medieval castle, particularly for a lordly territorial centre, and it is possible that the castle was built as a hunting seat within Newport lordship. If the enclosure is regarded as part of the castle, this would suggest that this was a place of assembly where vassals gathered to attend on their lord. Nevertheless, there is no documentary evidence of a castle or manorial site at Twmbarlwm, suggesting any reuse was limited in scale. No associated artefacts such as medieval pottery, nails, or masonry have been confirmed. The lack of such material makes the interpretation speculative. Post-Medieval to Modern Period (16th century – Present) In later centuries, Twmbarlwm became embedded in local folklore, sometimes linked—albeit erroneously—with the legendary figure Twm Sion Cati. By the 18th and 19th centuries, it attracted antiquarian interest, especially during the 19th century’s Romantic movement, which idealised wild and ancient landscapes. It has since become a popular destination for communal activities and walkers, and played a role in the local cultural life of south-east Wales, with Easter and Whitsun walks becoming annual traditions. Isolated finds such as coins and metalwork have reportedly been discovered in the area, often through unregulated metal detecting. These finds are typically not stratified and are difficult to associate directly with the hillfort’s primary use phases. In the 20th century, the southern section of the rampart was breached. Whilst the circumstances remain unclear, there is speculation of an attempt to use the land to plough it for crops. The remains of a stone boundary wall support this theory, and may have once enclosed the agricultural area. There is also an additional smaller breach located elsewhere on the site, its circumstances unknown. By the 21st century, the site had suffered from erosion and off-road vehicle damage, prompting conservation efforts. Today, it is designated as a Scheduled Ancient Monument and remains a valued cultural and landscape feature, symbolising the historical depth and identity of the south-eastern Welsh Valleys. Since then, the site has been greatly modified, restored and landscaped by the council and Cadw since 1984. It now forms part of the Cwmcarn Forest Drive, with ongoing public interest in its archaeology, heritage, and natural setting. Artefactual evidence from Twmbarlwm Hillfort is relatively limited, primarily due to a lack of large-scale, modern archaeological excavations. Folklore and anecdotal accounts have long surrounded Twmbarlwm, including unverified claims of buried weapons, bones, or treasure. While such stories reflect the hill’s cultural significance, they are not supported by verifiable archaeological evidence. In recent years, aerial photography and limited geophysical survey work have revealed potential subsurface features, including possible roundhouse platforms and ditches. These findings suggest that further excavation could yield more definitive artefactual evidence relating to Iron Age domestic and defensive activity. While the current artefactual record from Twmbarlwm Hillfort is limited and fragmented, the site holds considerable potential for future investigation. With its prominent location, structural features, and historical associations, Twmbarlwm remains an important archaeological site within the landscape of south-east Wales. Archaeological Investigation To date, no large-scale archaeological excavation has taken place at Twmbarlwm Hillfort. Current understanding of the site is based on topographic surveys, aerial imaging, and historical descriptions, meaning its construction phases, internal features, and overall chronology remain largely unexplored. The site holds considerable potential for future investigation to better understand its origins, development, and role in the regional landscape. Early accounts by antiquarians such as Thomas Pennant and Archdeacon Coxe, though largely speculative and romanticised, recognised the hill’s strategic position and proposed various origins, including Roman, Norman, and Druidic associations. Twmbarlwm has been formally recorded and monitored by Heneb, the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW), and Cadw. Its main features—including inner and outer ramparts, a central mound, and entrance structures—have been mapped and described in official records. A erial photography and remote sensing, including LiDAR, have revealed earthworks such as terracing and possible hut platforms, as well as connections to surrounding trackways and field systems. Limited geophysical surveys have been carried out, likely aiming to detect subsurface features like ditches or postholes, though without excavation, these results remain inconclusive. Pollen analytic assessments and luminescence measurements have also been undertaken at the site. Twmbarlwm has been a subject to erosion and damage from walkers and illegal off-road vehicle use, prompting condition monitoring and stabilisation efforts led by Cadw, Natural Resources Wales, and local heritage groups. Community organisations, such as the Friends of Twmbarlwm, have contributed significantly to conservation work, path maintenance, and public engagement, helping to preserve and raise awareness of the site’s archaeological and cultural significance. Location Maes Mawr Farm, Risca, NP44 6HU NGR ST2421792611 Selected Bibliography Coxe, W. (1801). An Historical Tour in Monmouthshire. London. Hankinson, R. (2022). Twmbarlwm Archaeological Excavation. CPAT Report 1820. Howell, R. & Pollard, J. (2004). ‘The Iron Age’ In Aldhouse-Green, M. and Howell, R., The Gwent County History Volume I. Gwent in Prehistory and Early History, 140-159. Kenyon, J. (2010). The Medieval Castles of Wales . University of Wales Press. Knight, J. (2019). ‘An Accidental Excursion into Monmouthshire’, Castle Studies Group Journal no. 33, 2019- 20, 213-4. Leland, J. (1538-43). The Itinerary of John Leland the Antiquary in Nine Volumes, Vol. III, Fletcher and Pote Edition of 1711, 32. Matthews, C. M. (2021). Twmbarlwm Geophysical Investigations 2019 and 2021. Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trust and the Twmbarlwm Society. Phillips, N. (2006). Earthwork Castles of Gwent and Ergyng AD 1050-1250, British Archaeological Reports, 341-2. Wiles, J. (2008). Twmbarlwm Castle Mound . Coflein. Cite this work Harvard or APA Style Dallimore, J. (2025 July 27). Twmbarlwm Hillfort. The Archaeology Addict.  Retrieved from https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/twmbarlwm-hillfort   MLA Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "Twmbarlwm Hillfort" The Archaeology Addict.  The Archaeology Addict. 27 Jul 2025. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/twmbarlwm-hillfort Chicago Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "Twmbarlwm Hillfort" The Archaeology Addict . Last modified July 27, 2025. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/ twmbarlwm-hillfort

Historic Overview Caerphilly Castle (Castell Caerffili) is a Medieval fortification in Caerphilly, South Wales. The castle was constructed by Gilbert de Clare in the 13th century as part of his campaign to maintain control of Glamorgan during Anglo-Norman expansion. The Romans built an auxiliary fort here as early as 75 AD, but it was abandoned by the 2nd century and for the next one thousand years, the site remained sparsely populated. The castle is surrounded by extensive artificial lakes and considered to have the most elaborate water defences in Britain. It is the largest castle in Wales, and second largest in the UK after Windsor Castle. Works on the castle began in 1268 under the orders of De Clare and was completed three years later at a considerable cost. The building project was opposed by his Welsh rival, Llewelyn ap Gruffudd, leading to the site being burnt in 1270 and taken over by royal officials under Henry III in 1271, namely Roger de Meyland and Godfrey Giffard. Despite these conflicts, the castle was successfully completed by De Clare when he re-seized the region. Llewelyn's power gradually declined whilst Edward I invaded Wales following a dispute in 1277. Five years later, his second campaign would result in Llewelyn's death and the collapse of Welsh rule. Local disputes continued and following uproar between de Clare and the Earl of Hereford in 1290, the castle was temporarily seized by the King. The castle was later attacked during the Madog ap Llewelyn revolt of 1294. Morgan ap Maredudd, who led the local uprising burned half of the town but failed to take the castle. Edward I stopped the rivalry, allowing De Clare's forces to attack Morgan's and regain the region. Gilbert de Clare died soon after in 1295, leaving the castle in good condition and associated with the well-established small town of Caerphilly and with it, a large deer park in the nearby Aber Valley. De Clare's son inherited the castle in the early 14th century but died shortly after. The family's lands were placed under the control of the crown, but the Llewelyn Bren revolt of 1316 resulted in the castle being attacked. The castle withstood their efforts, but the town was destroyed. Eleanor de Clare acquired the castle and married Hugh de Despenser, a close ally of the King. During the overthrow of Edward II in 1326-27, by his wife Isabella of France, Hugh and the King fled. When they abandoned the castle, Sir John de Felton, Hugh's son and their garrison protected the castle. They surrendered under the condition of a pardon, however le Despenser had already been executed. In 1400, the Glyndwr Rising broke out, but the castle survived intact. The castle was passed to Isabel le Despenser, who with her second husband Richard Beauchamp, heavily invested in the castle. They conducted extensive repairs and restorations to establish a suitable residence. The castle was then passed to Richard Neville in 1449 and later to Jasper Tudor, the Earl of Pembroke, in 1486. In the late 15th century, it fell into major decline and by the 16th century, the lakes were drained away and the castle walls robbed of their stone. During this time, it was recorded by John Leland as a ruin, surrounded by marshland. However, Henry Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, still used the castle as a manorial court. The castle was leased to Thomas Lewis who stripped the castle of various building materials, causing further significant damage. By the 18th century, most of the towers had collapsed. However, it is unclear whether this was a result of conflict or damage caused by the retreat of the moat. In 1776, John Stuart, the 1st Marquess of Bute acquired the property and undertook extensive restoration works. His great grandson John Crichton-Stuart, the 3rd Marquess had the site surveyed by architect William Frame, who had the grand hall re-roofed in the late 19th century. The castle underwent restoration in 1928 by John Crichton-Stuart, the 4th Marquess. The stonework was carefully repaired and the inner gatehouse rebuilt, along with several other towers. Landscaping was carried out, and after several decades, the local houses encroaching the castle view were eventually demolished. In 1950, John Crichton-Stuart, the 5th Marquess gave Caerphilly castle and its grounds to the state and the water defences were re-flooded. Architectural Overview Caerphilly Castle lies in a basin of the Rhymney Valley, alongside the river and at the heart of a network of paths and roads, and near a former Roman fort. The castle was built on what became a central island, surrounded by artificial lakes. Water rather than height provided its primary defence. Ditches were cut, wooden palisades erected, and water barriers created as the first line of protection. The dams were further fortified and an island to the west provided additional protection. Estimates suggest that approximately £19k was spent on its construction, a great sum for the time. Whilst the architect and exact cost of construction are unknown, it’s suggested to be on par with those of Conwy or Caernarfon. The core of the castle was built of sandstone, on a quadrangle plan with four cylindrical towers, a great walled court, and huge twin-towered gatehouses. The court has a concentric walled platform that rises from the lakes, held back by a fortified embankment. Originally the gatehouse would have been reached over a sequence of two drawbridges, linked by an intervening tower that has since been destroyed. To the north side of the gatehouse was the North Dam, protected by three substantial towers, which may have supported the castle's stables. Despite damage, the dam still holds back the North Lake. The remains of the castle corn mill, originally powered by water from the dam still survive. The dam ended in Felton's Tower, a square fortification designed to protect the sluice-gates regulating the water levels of the dam, and the South Gatehouse (also called Giffard's Tower) was originally accessed via a drawbridge, which led into the town. Two huge towers flanked the gatehouse on either side of an entrance that was protected by portcullises and murder-holes. The substantial size of the gatehouse allowed it to serve as both a living quarter for the constable and his family, and line of defence. The Great Hall was constructed in the 14th century, and would have been subdivided with wooden screens, displayed colourful decorations, rich detailed carving and warmed by a large central fireplace. Some carved medieval corbels in the shape of male and female heads survive in the hall today, possibly depicting the royal court in the 1320’s, including Edward II, Isabella of France, Hugh Despenser and Eleanor de Clare. To the east of the Great Hall was the castle chapel, positioned above the buttery and pantry. On the west side of the hall were the castle's private apartments, two solar blocks with luxurious fittings. In 1416, Isabella Le Despenser and her second husband invested heavily in the castle, carrying out repairs and making it the main residence in the region. In the late 15th century, it was taken over by Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke. From that moment, the stronghold began to decline. By the first half of the 16th century, it was already in ruin, and the surrounding water was transformed into swamps. Although one of the towers remained in use as a prison for local criminals. In 1593, the castle was rented by Thomas Lewis, who began its demolition to enlarge his home. When the English Civil War broke out in 1642, an earthwork (or small fort) was built near Caerphilly Castle. It is uncertain whether it was raised by the royalist forces or by the army of the Parliament. In the 18th century, several towers collapsed due to damage incurred over time. At the end of the 18th century, protection measures were put in place by the 1st Marquess of Bute who owned the castle ruins at the time. The work was continued by his great-grandson who renovated the great hall in the 1870’s. The 4th Marquess went on to commission a comprehensive castle renovation project between 1928 and 1939. Works on re-flooding the area around the castle were also started and the houses covering the monument were demolished. In 1950, the 5th Marquess of Bute donated the Caerphilly castle to the state. Kenyon, J. (2010). Site plan of Caerphilly Castle. Modern Legacy During the 1970's, a bronze dagger was found on site. Excavations in 2001 recovered 13th - 14th century pottery sherds. Between 2002 and 2008, several features were uncovered including a set of limestone slab steps, a considerable amount of intact original flooring and sealed clay and mortar suggesting that the tower was used as a brewhouse. In 2019, an excavation in the great hall encountered further 14th century pottery. Whilst works in 2021 revealed a pavement of Pennant flag stones, an undated stone structure, and old wall footings. An evaluation the same year encountered a deposit of blacksmithing waste, residual Romano-British grey ware, and medieval pottery, primarily glazed and un-glazed Vale ware. In 1963, Caerphilly castle was placed within the care of Cadw, which now manages the site as a tourist attraction. It is protected as a Scheduled Monument (GM002) and a Grade I Listed Building (Cadw ref. 13539). It has become a space where schools and community groups can immerse themselves in the history of Wales. The castle houses new interactive exhibits that bring to life some of the most important people in 13th century Wales. Four replica siege engines and dragons have also been placed on display. Today, the Great Hall is available for wedding ceremonies, and several episodes of the long-running British television show, Doctor Who, have also been filmed on site. Location Castle Street, Caerphilly, CF83 1JD. NGR ST1552787068 Selected Bibliography Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. (2023). "Caerphilly". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Cadw. (2023). Caerphilly Castle. Available at: Caerphilly Castle | Cadw (Accessed: 17 Sept. 2025). Cartwright, M. (2020). Caerphilly Castle. World History Encyclopaedia. Coflein. (2025). Caerphilly Castle. NPRN 94497. RCAHMW. Available at: https://coflein.gov.uk/en/site/94497/ (Accessed: 17 Sept. 2025). Davey, J. and Moreno, J. (2023). Archaeological Watching Brief Report: Caerphilly Castle Moat Banks. Archaeology Wales. Davis, P. (2017). Caerphilly Castle. The Gatehouse. Glass, E. (2022). Caerphilly Castle Moat Banks. Archaeology Wales. Heneb. (2025). Caerphilly Castle. PRN 00696m. Archwilio. Available at: Archwilio (Accessed: 17 Sept. 2025). Johnson, L. (2021). Caerphilly Castle. History Hit. Lewis, R. (2018). Caerphilly Castle Maze and Dragon's Lair. Heritage Impact Assessment. Black Mountains Archaeology Ltd. Report 128. Moore, D. (2020). The Great Hall, Caerphilly Castle, Caerphilly. Archaeology Wales. Prizeman, O. E. C., et al. (2017). Modelling from the past: The Leaning Southwest Tower of Caerphilly Castle 1539-2015. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. 4. 26th International CIPA Symposium. Ottawa: Canada. Windsor, K. (2023). A Brief History of Caerphilly Castle. Cite this Work Harvard or APA Style Dallimore, J. (2025 February 16). Caerphilly Castle. The Archaeology Addict. Retrieved from https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/caerphilly-castle MLA Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "Caerphilly Castle" The Archaeology Addict. The Archaeology Addict. 16 Feb 2025. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/caerphilly-castle Chicago Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "Caerphilly Castle" The Archaeology Addict. Last modified February 16, 2025. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologya ddict/post/caerphilly-castle

Welsh flag from the Medieval Period, representing the dragon. Tracing the History of a National Symbol The red dragon of Wales— Y Ddraig Goch —is one of the most recognisable national emblems in the world. Prominently displayed on the Welsh flag, this powerful image evokes a deep sense of identity and cultural pride. But the dragon’s roots stretch far beyond modern symbolism, weaving through myth, prophecy, and the political landscape of Britain across the centuries. Towering over sporting arenas, fluttering from castle ramparts, and emblazoned on everything from souvenirs to government buildings, the dragon is more than just a symbol—it’s a statement. Classical Influences and Early Symbolism The origins of the Welsh dragon are often linked to Roman Britain. The Roman military standard known as the draco —a windsock-like banner shaped as a dragon—was carried by cavalry units and may have left a lasting impression on the Brittonic peoples of the region. It is likely that this visual motif was gradually absorbed and adapted into native mythology, evolving into the distinct red dragon figure we associate with Welsh tradition today. Medieval Legends and Prophecies One of the earliest appearances of the red dragon in Welsh mythology is found in the Mabinogion , a medieval compilation of stories drawn from earlier oral traditions. In the tale of Lludd and Llefelys , a red dragon, representing the Britons, engages in a fierce battle with a white dragon, symbolising foreign invaders. This narrative later reappears in Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae  (1136), in which the wizard Merlin interprets the dragons’ struggle as an allegory of future conflict. The red dragon’s eventual victory is presented as a prophecy of Welsh resurgence. The Dragon and Welsh Royalty By the early medieval period, the red dragon had become associated with Welsh royalty and legendary figures such as King Arthur and Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon, a 7th-century King of Gwynedd. The dragon served not only as a symbol of strength and legitimacy but also as a claim to divine favour and continuity. This association became even more prominent when Henry Tudor—of Welsh descent—marched under the red dragon at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. Following his victory and coronation as King Henry VII, the dragon was adopted as part of the royal badge, set against a green and white background in honour of the Tudor lineage. This heraldic design would later inspire the modern flag of Wales. The National Flag Despite its deep cultural roots, the red dragon was not officially recognised as the national emblem of Wales until 1959, when the current flag—featuring the red dragon on a green and white field—was formally adopted. The design honours both the medieval heraldry of the Tudors and the legendary status of the dragon itself. The red dragon of Wales is far more than a mythical creature. It represents centuries of resilience, cultural identity, and historical narrative. From ancient Roman standards to prophetic legends and royal emblems, Y Ddraig Goch  has remained a powerful symbol of Welsh heritage and pride. Fun Fact: The Welsh flag has been celebrated as one of the best national flags in the world. In a poll conducted in February 2019, it was voted the 'coolest flag in the world' by nearly 184,000 people globally. This recognition highlights the flag's unique design and its deep-rooted cultural significance Selected Bibliography Geoffrey of Monmouth. (1136). Historia Regum Britanniae  [The History of the Kings of Britain]. Translated by L. Thorpe, 1966. London: Penguin Classics. Carr, A.D. (1995). Medieval Wales . London: Macmillan. Davies, J. (2007). A History of Wales . London: Penguin. Jenkins, G.H. (2007). A Concise History of Wales . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Morgan, P. (1983). “The Dragon and the Crown.” In: T. Jones Pierce, ed., The Welsh History Review , 11(2), pp. 111–123. National Museum Wales. (2022). The Red Dragon and the Welsh Flag . [online] Available at: https://museum.wales/articles/  [Accessed 30 Mar. 2025]. Ancient Origins. (2019). Wales Has the Coolest Flag in the World According to Global Survey . [online] Available at: https://www.ancient-origins.net  [Accessed 30 Mar. 2025]. Cite this work Harvard or APA Style Dallimore, J. (2025 February 09). History of the Welsh Dragon. The Archaeology Addict.  Retrieved from https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/ History-of-the-welsh-dragon MLA Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "History of the Welsh Dragon" The Archaeology Addict.  The Archaeology Addict. 09 Feb 2025. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/ History-of-the-welsh-dragon Chicago Style Dallimore, Jessica J. "History of the Welsh Dragon" The Archaeology Addict . Last modified February 09, 2025. https://thearchaeologyaddict.wixsite.com/thearchaeologyaddict/post/History-of-the-welsh-dragon